What is Nepotism?

Nepotism is the practice of showing favoritism or giving preferential treatment to family members or close friends, often at the expense of qualified individuals who are not part of that social circle. Understanding what nepotism means, its definition, and how it manifests in various settings is crucial for maintaining a fair and merit-based environment.

Nepotism, or the act of favoring relatives and friends, can occur in a variety of settings, including business, politics, and education. In the workplace, nepotism often involves hiring or promoting family members or friends without regard for their qualifications or abilities. This preferential treatment for family members can create a sense of unfairness and reduce morale among other employees who feel they are not being treated fairly. This practice, often referred to by the term "nepo baby," highlights how certain individuals may benefit from their personal connections rather than their professional merits.

Nepotism can have negative consequences for organizations, such as reduced productivity and increased turnover rates. When employees perceive that the organization is not merit-based and that advancement is based on personal relationships rather than qualifications and performance, it undermines trust and morale.

Most organizations implement anti-nepotism policies to prevent such favoritism and promote fairness and equality in hiring and promotion decisions. These policies may include requirements that job openings are publicly advertised and that all applicants are considered based on their qualifications and abilities rather than personal connections. However, enforcing these policies can be challenging, particularly in smaller organizations or industries where personal relationships play a significant role in business dealings.

Understanding and addressing nepotism is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive work environment. By recognizing the definition of nepotism and its impact, organizations can take steps to ensure that their practices are fair and that meritocracy prevails.

What is Nepotism?

Nepotism is a term that describes the practice of showing favoritism or giving preferential treatment to family members or close friends, especially by giving them jobs or promotions, often at the expense of more qualified individuals. Understanding the nepotism definition is essential for identifying and addressing it in various settings, including the workplace. The definition of nepotism encompasses hiring, promoting, or giving other advantages to relatives or friends based on personal relationships rather than merit.

The nepotism meaning is rooted in the concept of favoritism towards relatives or friends, typically in professional contexts. This practice often undermines fairness and meritocracy. The meaning of nepotism is synonymous with favoritism, bias, and partiality towards one's own family members or close associates. A common nepotism synonym is favoritism. The shorthand nepotism def can also be used to describe this unethical practice.

Historically, nepotism has been prevalent in monarchies and religious institutions. The term originates from the Italian word "nepotismo," which refers to the favoritism shown by popes towards their nephews by appointing them to high positions. This practice was not only common but also accepted in various historical contexts as a means to maintain power within a family or social circle.

In modern times, nepotism remains a significant issue in various sectors, including business, politics, and education. The modern-day relevance of nepotism can be seen in the way it affects corporate governance and organizational integrity. For instance, a popular nepotism meme might depict how family members are unfairly given job positions, reflecting the widespread awareness and criticism of this practice. The TV show The Office often humorously highlights nepotism scenarios, bringing attention to the absurdity and negative impacts of such favoritism in the workplace.

Recognizing and addressing nepotism is crucial for fostering a fair and productive work environment. By understanding its historical roots and modern implications, organizations can better implement policies to combat nepotism and promote meritocracy.

Nepotism in the Workplace

Nepotism is a term that often evokes strong emotions and opinions. It refers to the practice of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. In the workplace, nepotism can lead to a range of challenges, from decreased employee morale to legal issues. This guide aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of nepotism, particularly for recruiters and hirers who need to navigate this complex issue. We will explore the meaning of nepotism, its impact, and effective strategies to combat it, ensuring a fair and productive work environment.

How Nepotism Manifests in Professional Settings

Nepotism in the workplace is the practice of showing preferential treatment for family members or close friends when making employment decisions such as hiring, promotions, and other job-related benefits. This can occur in various forms, including:

• Hiring relatives without considering more qualified external candidates.
• Promoting family members over more deserving employees based on personal relationships rather than performance.
• Providing special privileges, such as higher salaries or better projects, to friends or family members.

Understanding nepotism in the workplace is essential for recognizing how it undermines meritocracy and leads to unfair practices. The question what is nepotism in the workplace helps highlight the importance of identifying and addressing such favoritism to maintain a fair work environment.

Some of the real-world examples of nepotism at work illustrate the detrimental effects this practice can have on an organization:

• Nepotism examples include a CEO who hires an unqualified family member for a senior position, bypassing more experienced candidates. This can lead to decreased morale and resentment among employees.
• In another case, a public official appoints relatives to key positions, resulting in questions about transparency and fairness. Such nepotism at work scenarios undermines trust in the leadership and can lead to legal complications.

These examples demonstrate how nepotism not only affects individual employees but also damages the overall integrity and performance of the organization.

The Impact of Nepotism on Organizational Culture and Employee Morale

The effects of nepotism on fairness, morale, and productivity are significant:

• Effects on fairness: Nepotism creates an unequal playing field where personal relationships dictate career advancement rather than skills and achievements. This perceived injustice can lead to dissatisfaction and disengagement among employees.
• Effects on morale: Employees who witness nepotism may feel demotivated and undervalued, knowing that their hard work and dedication might be overlooked in favor of personal connections. This can result in a toxic work environment.
• Effects on productivity: When positions are filled based on nepotism rather than qualifications, it often leads to inefficiencies and decreased productivity. The organization may suffer from a lack of innovation and poor performance, as unqualified individuals may not be capable of fulfilling their roles effectively.

Addressing nepotism is crucial for maintaining a positive organizational culture and ensuring that all employees feel valued and fairly treated. Implementing anti-nepotism policies and promoting merit-based practices can help mitigate these negative impacts and foster a healthier, more productive work environment.

Nepotism vs. Cronyism

Nepotism and cronyism are both forms of favoritism, but they differ in the relationships involved:

Definition and Differences

Examples to Illustrate the Differences

To better understand these practices, consider the following examples:

• Nepotism example: A manager hires their unqualified sibling for a high-level position, overlooking more qualified candidates. This decision is based on their family relationship, illustrating nepotism.
• Cronyism example: A government official awards a lucrative contract to a close friend’s company without a competitive bidding process. This act of favoritism towards a friend is a clear case of cronyism.

These examples highlight how both practices can undermine fairness and meritocracy within an organization.

Implications of Both Practices in the Workplace

The implications of nepotism and cronyism in the workplace are profound and often negative:

• Reduced Employee Morale: When employees see that positions and promotions are given based on personal relationships rather than merit, it can lead to dissatisfaction and decreased morale. Employees may feel that their hard work and achievements are undervalued, resulting in a lack of motivation and engagement.
• Decreased Productivity: Favoring unqualified relatives or friends can lead to inefficiencies and poor performance. The organization may suffer from a lack of innovation and effectiveness as individuals who are not the best fit for their roles are given responsibilities they cannot handle competently.
• Loss of Trust in Leadership: When nepotism or cronyism is prevalent, employees may lose trust in the leadership and question the integrity of the organization's decision-making processes. This erosion of trust can create a toxic work environment where skepticism and resentment prevail.
• Legal and Ethical Issues: Both practices can lead to potential legal challenges and ethical dilemmas. Organizations may face lawsuits or regulatory scrutiny for unfair hiring practices, and their reputation can be severely damaged by allegations of favoritism.

Understanding the differences and implications of nepotism vs cronyism is crucial for creating fair and equitable workplaces. Implementing clear policies and promoting a culture of meritocracy can help mitigate the negative effects of these practices and ensure a more productive and positive organizational environment.

Legal Aspects of Nepotism

Is Nepotism Illegal?

The legality of nepotism depends on the context and jurisdiction:

• Is nepotism illegal?: In the private sector, nepotism is generally not illegal unless it violates specific company policies or contractual agreements. However, in the public sector, many jurisdictions have regulations that explicitly prohibit nepotism to ensure fairness and merit-based hiring.
• Is nepotism legal?: While nepotism might be legal in some private organizations, it can still lead to ethical concerns and damage an organization's reputation. Organizations must have clear policies to address and prevent nepotism.

Anti-Nepotism Laws and Regulations

To promote fairness and transparency, various anti-nepotism laws and regulations are in place:

• Nepotism laws: These laws are designed to prevent favoritism in hiring and promotions, especially in government and public sector jobs. They ensure that employment decisions are based on merit rather than personal relationships.
• Nepotism laws by state: Different states may have specific regulations regarding nepotism. For example:
  • Some states have strict prohibitions against hiring or promoting relatives in government positions.
  • Other states may allow nepotism in certain situations but require disclosure and recusal from decision-making processes involving family members.

How to Develop an Anti-Nepotism Policy

Steps to Create an Effective Anti-Nepotism Policy
Creating a comprehensive and effective anti-nepotism policy involves several key steps:

1. Define Nepotism Clearly: Start by providing a clear definition of nepotism, including specific examples relevant to your organization. Ensure that employees understand what constitutes nepotism.
2. Set Guidelines for Hiring and Promotions: Establish transparent procedures for recruitment and career advancement to ensure decisions are based on merit. This may include standardized interview processes, assessment criteria, and review panels.
3. Implement Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Require employees to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could lead to nepotism. This helps maintain transparency and accountability in decision-making processes.
4. Establish Reporting Mechanisms: Create channels for employees to report suspected nepotism without fear of retaliation. This could include anonymous reporting systems, dedicated hotlines, or a designated ombudsperson.
5. Regularly Review and Update the Policy: Ensure the policy remains relevant and effective by periodically reviewing and updating it. Solicit feedback from employees and incorporate best practices to improve the policy over time.

Key Elements of the Policy
An effective anti-nepotism policy should include the following key elements:

1. Definitions: Clearly define what constitutes nepotism within the organization.
2. Scope and Applicability: Specify who the anti-nepotism policy applies to (e.g., all employees, managers, executives) and in what situations (e.g., hiring, promotions, transfers).
3. Procedures and Guidelines: Outline the procedures for recruitment, hiring, and promotions to ensure decisions are based on qualifications and merit.
4. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Detail the process for disclosing potential conflicts of interest and the steps to mitigate them.
5. Reporting and Investigations: Provide mechanisms for reporting suspected nepotism and outline the investigation process.
6. Consequences and Enforcement: Specify the consequences for violating the policy, including disciplinary actions and potential termination.

Implementation and Enforcement Strategies

To implement and enforce the anti-nepotism policy effectively, consider the following strategies:

1. Communication and Training: Conduct training sessions for employees and managers to ensure they understand the policy and its importance. Regularly communicate the policy through employee handbooks, newsletters, and meetings.
2. Leadership Commitment: Ensure top management demonstrates a strong commitment to the policy by adhering to its principles and setting an example for others.
3. Monitoring and Auditing: Regularly monitor hiring and promotion practices to detect potential instances of nepotism. Conduct audits to ensure compliance with the policy.
4. Feedback and Improvement: Encourage employees to provide feedback on the policy and its implementation. Use this feedback to make continuous improvements.
5. Consistent Enforcement: Apply the policy consistently across all levels of the organization. Ensure that any violations are addressed promptly and fairly.

How to Address Nepotism in the Workplace

Recognizing Signs of Nepotism

Identifying nepotism in the workplace is the first step toward addressing it. Common signs include:

• Patterns of Favoritism: Consistently hiring or promoting relatives or friends over more qualified candidates.
• Lack of Transparency: Opaque hiring and promotion processes where decisions are made without clear criteria.
• Exclusive Opportunities: Special projects, raises, or benefits are given predominantly to family members or close friends.
• Employee Complaints: Frequent grievances or concerns raised by employees about unfair treatment or favoritism.

Strategies for Managers and HR Professionals

To effectively address nepotism, managers and HR professionals should implement the following strategies:

1. Promoting Transparency and Merit-Based Decisions
   • Clear Criteria: Establish transparent criteria for hiring and promotions, ensuring all employees understand the requirements for advancement.
   • Open Processes: Make job openings and promotion opportunities publicly available within the organization, allowing all eligible employees to apply.
   • Objective Evaluations: Use standardized evaluation methods to assess candidates based on their skills, experience, and performance rather than personal relationships.
2. Providing Training and Awareness Programs
   • Regular Training: Conduct regular training sessions to educate employees about the negative impacts of nepotism and the importance of merit-based decisions.
   • Awareness Campaigns: Implement awareness campaigns to highlight the organization's commitment to fairness and transparency.
   • Leadership Training: Train managers and supervisors on recognizing and preventing nepotism, ensuring they understand their role in upholding the policy.

Best Practices for Promoting Fairness and Meritocracy

Adopting best practices can help create a fair and merit-based workplace environment:

1. Encourage Open Communication
   • Feedback Channels: Provide employees with multiple channels to give feedback and raise concerns about potential nepotism without fear of retaliation.
   • Regular Meetings: Hold regular meetings to discuss career development and ensure employees feel heard and valued.
2. Establish Clear Performance Metrics
   • Defined Goals: Set clear and measurable performance goals for all employees to ensure that promotions and rewards are based on objective criteria.
   • Regular Reviews: Conduct regular performance reviews to provide constructive feedback and recognize achievements.
3. Equal Opportunities for Growth
   • Professional Development: Offer equal access to training and development programs for all employees to enhance their skills and career advancement prospects.
   • Mentorship Programs: Implement mentorship programs to support the growth and development of all employees, regardless of their personal connections.

Tools and Resources for HR Professionals

HR professionals can leverage various tools and resources to effectively combat nepotism:

1. Policy Templates
   • Anti-Nepotism Policy Templates: Utilize templates to develop comprehensive anti-nepotism policies tailored to the organization's needs.
2. Training Modules
   • Online Courses: Access online courses and training modules focused on ethics, fairness, and anti-nepotism practices.
   • Workshops: Organize workshops and seminars for employees and managers to discuss the impacts of nepotism and ways to foster a merit-based culture.
3. Reporting Systems
   • Anonymous Hotlines: Implement anonymous reporting hotlines or digital platforms for employees to report suspected nepotism.
   • Investigation Procedures: Establish clear procedures for investigating and addressing reports of nepotism, ensuring confidentiality and fairness.
4. Performance Management Tools
   • Evaluation Software: Use performance management software to track and evaluate employee performance based on objective metrics.
   • Feedback Systems: Implement systems for collecting and analyzing employee feedback to identify potential issues related to nepotism.

By recognizing signs of nepotism, implementing effective strategies, and utilizing appropriate nepotism policy generator, managers and HR professionals can promote a fair and merit-based workplace that values transparency and equal opportunity for all employees.

HR’s Responsibility in Upholding Anti-Nepotism Policies

HR professionals play a crucial role in maintaining fairness and transparency within an organization by upholding anti-nepotism policies. Their responsibilities include:

Policy Development and Implementation: Develop comprehensive anti-nepotism policies that clearly define nepotism, outline acceptable practices, and specify the consequences of violations. Ensure these policies are communicated effectively to all employees and integrated into the company’s code of conduct.

Monitoring and Enforcement: Regularly monitor hiring and promotion processes to ensure compliance with the anti-nepotism policy. Investigate any reports of nepotism thoroughly and take appropriate action to address violations.

Support and Guidance: Guide managers and employees on best practices for maintaining a merit-based work environment. Serve as a resource for employees to report concerns or seek advice regarding potential nepotism.

Regular Training Sessions: Conduct mandatory training sessions for all employees on the organization's anti-nepotism policy and the principles of fairness and meritocracy.

Leadership Development: Train managers and supervisors on recognizing and preventing nepotism, emphasizing their role in promoting a fair workplace.

Awareness Campaigns: Organize awareness campaigns to highlight the commitment to a merit-based culture and the detrimental effects of nepotism on organizational success.

Regular Policy Reviews: Periodically review and update the anti-nepotism policy to ensure it remains effective and relevant.

Feedback Mechanisms: Establish mechanisms for employees to provide feedback on the policy and its implementation, using this feedback to make necessary adjustments.

Ongoing Monitoring: Continuously monitor the workplace for signs of nepotism and take proactive steps to address any issues that arise.

The Impact of Nepotism on Organizational Success

While some may argue that nepotism can lead to loyalty and trust within an organization, the negative effects often outweigh the positives:

Negative Effects:

• Reduced Morale: Employees who perceive favoritism may feel demotivated and undervalued.
• Decreased Productivity: Unqualified individuals in key positions can lead to inefficiencies and poor performance.
• Loss of Trust: Nepotism can erode trust in leadership and the overall organizational culture.
• High Turnover: Talented employees may leave the organization for environments where merit is valued.

Positive Effects:

• Perceived Loyalty: Family members or friends may exhibit strong loyalty and commitment to the organization.
• Trust and Familiarity: Relatives or close friends may have a deeper understanding of the organization's culture and values.

Along with the negative and positive effects, there are also a long of long-term implications of nepotism that can be detrimental to organizational success:

1. Stagnation: Lack of fresh perspectives and innovation due to hiring based on relationships rather than merit.
2. Reputation Damage: Public perception of unfair practices can harm the organization's reputation and hinder talent acquisition.
3. Legal and Ethical Issues: Potential legal challenges and ethical dilemmas arising from perceived or actual favoritism.

Creating a merit-based and fair workplace involves several strategies, some of the key strategies to cultivate a healthy work environment free from Nepotism are: 

1. Foster Transparency: Ensure all employment decisions are made transparently, with clear criteria and documented processes.
2. Encourage Merit-Based Practices: Develop and enforce policies that prioritize skills, experience, and performance in hiring and promotions.
3. Promote Open Communication: Create an environment where employees feel comfortable voicing concerns and providing feedback without fear of retaliation.
4. Provide Equal Opportunities: Offer equal access to professional development programs and career advancement opportunities for all employees.
5. Regular Audits and Reviews: Conduct regular audits of hiring and promotion practices to ensure adherence to the anti-nepotism policy and identify areas for improvement.

By taking these steps, HR can play a pivotal role in combating nepotism, fostering a culture of fairness and meritocracy, and ultimately contributing to the long-term success and integrity of the organization.

Conclusion 

Addressing nepotism is crucial for fostering a fair, transparent, and merit-based work environment. HR professionals play a pivotal role in upholding anti-nepotism policies by developing, implementing, and enforcing comprehensive guidelines that promote fairness and equity in hiring and promotion decisions. Training and awareness programs are essential to educate employees about the negative impacts of nepotism and the importance of merit-based practices. Continuous vigilance and improvement are necessary to ensure the effectiveness of anti-nepotism efforts.

The impacts of nepotism on organizational success are significant, with negative effects such as reduced employee morale, decreased productivity, and loss of trust in leadership often outweighing any perceived benefits. Long-term implications can include stagnation, damage to the organization’s reputation, and potential legal challenges.

To cultivate a healthy work environment, it is essential to foster transparency, encourage merit-based decisions, promote open communication, and provide equal opportunities for all employees. Regular audits and reviews of hiring and promotion practices can help maintain adherence to anti-nepotism policies and ensure a culture of fairness and meritocracy.

By taking these steps, organizations can effectively combat nepotism, promote a positive organizational culture, and ensure long-term success and integrity.

FAQs - Nepotism

What is nepotism?

The Nepotism definition states that the practice of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. It typically involves showing favoritism to family members or friends in hiring, promotion, and other workplace decisions, regardless of their qualifications. This can undermine meritocracy and create an unfair working environment.

What Nepotism mean?

Nepotism meaning is to practice giving advantages to relatives or close friends in professional contexts, often through preferential treatment in hiring or promotion. The term comes from the Italian word "nepotismo," which historically referred to the favoritism shown by popes to their nephews.

What is a nepotism baby? 

A nepotism baby, or nepotism baby meaning, refers to an individual who has benefited from nepotism, particularly in terms of career opportunities. These individuals often receive jobs or promotions due to their family connections rather than their qualifications or merits.

What is nepotism baby?

The term "nepotism baby" refers to someone who benefits from nepotism. This individual often gains career advantages, such as job placements or promotions, due to family connections rather than their own skills or qualifications.

What is nepotism in the workplace?

Nepotism in the workplace occurs when employees are hired, promoted, or otherwise favored based on their relationships with those in power rather than their abilities or merits. This can lead to a toxic work environment, decreased morale, and reduced productivity.

How to deal with nepotism at work? (How to deal with nepotism and favoritism in the workplace?)

Dealing with nepotism at work involves several steps:

• Document instances of nepotism.
• Address the issue with your supervisor or HR department.
• Seek support from colleagues who share similar concerns.
• Maintain professionalism and focus on your work performance.
• If necessary, consider looking for opportunities in organizations with fairer practices.

What is anti-nepotism law?

Anti-nepotism laws are regulations designed to prevent nepotism by prohibiting favoritism towards relatives or close friends in hiring, promotions, and other employment decisions. These laws aim to ensure that employment practices are based on merit and qualifications rather than personal relationships.

How to report nepotism in the workplace?

To report nepotism in the workplace:

• Gather evidence of nepotism, such as emails, performance records, and witness statements.
• Follow your company’s formal complaint procedure, typically through HR or an ethics hotline.
• Present your findings clearly and professionally.
• Be prepared to discuss the impact of nepotism on your work and the organization.

Define Nepotism.

The term nepotism refers to the act of favoring relatives, typically by giving them employment or other advantages, based on their family connections rather than their abilities or merits.

What is the definition of nepotism?

Nepotism is defined as the practice of favoring relatives or close friends, especially by giving them jobs or positions of power based on their personal relationship rather than their professional qualifications.

What does nepotism mean?

Nepotism means showing favoritism to family members or friends by providing them with job opportunities or advantages that they may not have earned through merit.

Is nepotism illegal?

Whether nepotism is illegal depends on the context and jurisdiction. In many private sector companies, nepotism is not illegal but may be frowned upon or against company policy. In the public sector, many jurisdictions have laws and regulations prohibiting nepotism to ensure fairness and merit-based hiring.

What is nepotism in the workplace?

Nepotism in the workplace occurs when employees are hired, promoted, or given other advantages based on their personal relationships with those in power rather than their qualifications and abilities.

What are some examples of nepotism?

Examples of nepotism include a manager hiring an unqualified sibling for a high-level position, a CEO promoting their child despite their lack of experience, or a public official awarding contracts to a family member's business without a competitive process.

What is a "nepo baby"?

A "nepo baby" refers to an individual who benefits from nepotism, particularly in terms of career opportunities. These individuals often receive jobs or promotions due to their family connections rather than their qualifications or merits.

How do nepotism and cronyism differ?

While nepotism involves favoritism toward family members, cronyism refers to favoritism toward close friends or associates. Both practices are based on personal relationships rather than merit and can undermine fairness and transparency within an organization.

What is an anti-nepotism policy?

An anti-nepotism policy is a set of guidelines and procedures designed to prevent nepotism within an organization. These policies aim to promote fairness and merit-based decision-making by ensuring that all hiring and promotion practices are transparent and based on qualifications and performance.

What are nepotism laws?

Nepotism laws are regulations that prohibit favoritism towards relatives in hiring, promotions, and other employment decisions. These laws vary by jurisdiction, with some states having strict prohibitions against nepotism in public sector jobs while others have more lenient rules.

What does "nepotism vs cronyism" mean?

"Nepotism vs cronyism" refers to comparing and contrasting the two forms of favoritism. Nepotism is favoritism towards family members, whereas cronyism is favoritism towards friends or associates.

What is the meaning of nepotism?

The meaning of nepotism is the practice of giving preferential treatment to relatives, especially in professional contexts, often at the expense of qualified individuals who are not part of the family.

Is nepotism legal?

Nepotism may be legal in certain contexts, particularly in private businesses, but it can raise ethical concerns and affect employee morale. In many public sector jobs, nepotism is illegal to ensure fair and merit-based hiring practices.

How can organizations address nepotism?

Organizations can address nepotism by implementing anti-nepotism policies, promoting transparency in hiring and promotion processes, providing training and awareness programs, and establishing mechanisms for reporting and addressing potential nepotism.

What is the role of HR in combating nepotism?

HR plays a critical role in combating nepotism by developing and enforcing anti-nepotism policies, conducting training sessions, monitoring hiring and promotion practices, and providing a channel for employees to report suspected nepotism.

What are the long-term implications of nepotism?

Long-term implications of nepotism can include reduced employee morale, decreased productivity, loss of trust in leadership, potential legal issues, and a damaged organizational reputation.

What are some strategies to promote a merit-based workplace?

Strategies to promote a merit-based workplace include fostering transparency, ensuring all employment decisions are based on objective criteria, providing equal opportunities for professional development, and conducting regular audits to enforce anti-nepotism policies.

How do nepotism laws vary by state?

Nepotism laws vary by state, with some states implementing strict regulations prohibiting nepotism in government and public sector jobs, while others may have more lenient rules. It is essential for organizations to be aware of the specific nepotism laws applicable in their state.

What is the significance of anti-nepotism policies in the workplace?

Anti-nepotism policies are significant as they help maintain a fair and transparent work environment, promote merit-based hiring and promotions, and prevent conflicts of interest that can arise from favoritism towards family members or friends.